Legal dictionary · Area 9 of 17
Commercial, Corporate & Company Law — EN · ES · IT.
64 terms from Commercial, Corporate & Company Law, each with its Spanish and Italian equivalent and a plain-language definition. Open any term for its own page.
Company types do not translate one-to-one. A Spanish S.L., a Mexican S. de R.L. de C.V. and an Italian S.r.l. resemble a U.S. LLC in some respects and a corporation in others; S.A. and S.p.A. are closer to a corporation but governed by different rules on capital, directors and shareholder meetings. Certified translations of articles, bylaws, registry certificates and board minutes keep the original entity designation and organ names (consejo de administración, consiglio di amministrazione, junta general, assemblea) with an explanatory English equivalent.
Company / Corporation
ENCompany / Corporation — An entity formed to carry on business.
ESSociedad
ITSocietà
Corporation / Stock company
ENCorporation / Stock company — A company with capital divided into shares.
ESSociedad anónima (S.A.)
ITSocietà per azioni (S.p.A.)
Limited liability company
ENLimited liability company — A company whose members have limited liability.
ESSociedad de responsabilidad limitada (S.R.L.)
ITSocietà a responsabilità limitata (S.r.l.)
Partnership
ENPartnership — A business owned by partners with shared liability.
ESSociedad de personas / colectiva
ITSocietà di persone
General partnership
ENGeneral partnership — A partnership where all partners are fully liable.
ESSociedad colectiva
ITSocietà in nome collettivo (S.n.c.)
Limited partnership
ENLimited partnership — A partnership with both limited and general partners.
ESSociedad en comandita
ITSocietà in accomandita
Sole proprietorship
ENSole proprietorship — A business owned and run by one person.
ESEmpresa unipersonal
ITImpresa individuale / Ditta individuale
Shareholder
ENShareholder — An owner of shares in a company.
ESAccionista / Socio
ITAzionista / Socio
Capital / Share capital
ENCapital / Share capital — The funds contributed by owners to a company.
ESCapital social
ITCapitale sociale
Board of directors
ENBoard of directors — The body managing a company's affairs.
ESDirectorio / Consejo de administración
ITConsiglio di amministrazione
Director
ENDirector — A member of the board managing the company.
ESDirector
ITAmministratore / Consigliere
Managing director / CEO
ENManaging director / CEO — The executive responsible for running the company.
ESGerente general / Director ejecutivo
ITAmministratore delegato
Officer
ENOfficer — A person holding a management office in a company.
ESFuncionario / Ejecutivo
ITDirigente / Funzionario
Auditor
ENAuditor — A person who examines a company's accounts.
ESAuditor / Síndico
ITRevisore / Sindaco
Statutory auditor / Supervisory board
ENStatutory auditor / Supervisory board — A body overseeing a company's management.
ESComisión fiscalizadora / Sindicatura
ITCollegio sindacale
General meeting / Shareholders' meeting
ENGeneral meeting / Shareholders' meeting — The meeting where owners make key decisions.
ESAsamblea de accionistas / socios
ITAssemblea dei soci
Bylaws / Articles of association
ENBylaws / Articles of association — The rules governing a company's internal affairs.
ESEstatuto / Contrato social
ITStatuto / Atto costitutivo
Memorandum of association
ENMemorandum of association — The founding document creating a company.
ESActa constitutiva
ITAtto costitutivo
Incorporation / Formation
ENIncorporation / Formation — The process of legally creating a company.
ESConstitución de sociedad
ITCostituzione di società
Registered office
ENRegistered office — The official legal address of a company.
ESDomicilio social / sede legal
ITSede legale
Commercial register
ENCommercial register — The public register of companies and businesses.
ESRegistro público de comercio / IGJ
ITRegistro delle imprese
Acquisition / Takeover
ENAcquisition / Takeover — The purchase of control over a company.
ESAdquisición / Toma de control
ITAcquisizione
Demerger / Spin-off
ENDemerger / Spin-off — The division of a company into separate entities.
ESEscisión
ITScissione
Liquidation
ENLiquidation — The winding up of a company's affairs and assets.
ESLiquidación
ITLiquidazione
Insolvency
ENInsolvency — Inability to pay debts as they fall due.
ESInsolvencia / Cesación de pagos
ITInsolvenza
Bankruptcy
ENBankruptcy — A legal status of a person or company unable to pay debts.
ESQuiebra
ITFallimento
Creditors' arrangement / Reorganization
ENCreditors' arrangement / Reorganization — A court procedure to reorganise debts and avoid bankruptcy.
ESConcurso preventivo
ITConcordato preventivo
Receivership
ENReceivership — Court-supervised management of a troubled company.
ESAdministración judicial / Intervención
ITAmministrazione controllata / straordinaria
Goodwill
ENGoodwill — The intangible value of a business's reputation.
ESValor llave / Fondo de comercio
ITAvviamento
Trade name
ENTrade name — The name under which a business operates.
ESNombre comercial
ITDitta / Denominazione commerciale
Negotiable instrument
ENNegotiable instrument — A document representing a right to payment, transferable by delivery or endorsement.
ESTítulo de crédito / valor
ITTitolo di credito
Promissory note
ENPromissory note — A written promise to pay a sum of money.
ESPagaré
ITPagherò / Vaglia cambiario
Bill of exchange
ENBill of exchange — An order directing one party to pay another.
ESLetra de cambio
ITCambiale tratta
Check / Cheque
ENCheck / Cheque — A written order to a bank to pay a sum from an account.
ESCheque
ITAssegno
Bill of lading
ENBill of lading — A document acknowledging receipt of goods for shipment.
ESConocimiento de embarque
ITPolizza di carico
Letter of credit
ENLetter of credit — A bank guarantee of payment under stated conditions.
ESCarta de crédito
ITLettera di credito
Distribution agreement
ENDistribution agreement — An agreement to sell another's products in a market.
ESContrato de distribución
ITContratto di distribuzione
Agency agreement
ENAgency agreement — An agreement appointing an agent to promote sales.
ESContrato de agencia
ITContratto di agenzia
Joint venture
ENJoint venture — A business arrangement combining resources for a project.
ESUnión transitoria / Joint venture
ITJoint venture / Associazione temporanea
Unfair competition
ENUnfair competition — Dishonest business practices harming competitors.
ESCompetencia desleal
ITConcorrenza sleale
Antitrust / Competition law
ENAntitrust / Competition law — Law preventing monopolies and restraints of trade.
ESDerecho de la competencia / Defensa de la competencia
ITDiritto della concorrenza / Antitrust
Consumer protection
ENConsumer protection — Law protecting buyers from unfair practices.
ESDefensa del consumidor
ITTutela del consumatore
E-commerce
ENE-commerce — Buying and selling of goods or services online.
ESComercio electrónico
ITCommercio elettronico
Corporate veil
ENCorporate veil — The separation between a company and its owners.
ESVelo societario / Personalidad diferenciada
ITVelo societario
Piercing the corporate veil
ENPiercing the corporate veil — Holding owners liable by disregarding the company form.
ESInoponibilidad de la personalidad jurídica
ITSuperamento della personalità giuridica
Holding company
ENHolding company — A company that owns and controls other companies.
ESSociedad holding / controlante
ITSocietà holding / capogruppo
Subsidiary
ENSubsidiary — A company controlled by a parent company.
ESSociedad controlada / filial
ITSocietà controllata
Affiliate
ENAffiliate — A company under significant influence of another.
ESSociedad vinculada
ITSocietà collegata
Due diligence
ENDue diligence — Investigation of a business before a transaction.
ESDiligencia debida / Due diligence
ITDue diligence / Verifica preventiva
Quorum (meeting)
ENQuorum (meeting) — The attendance required to hold a valid meeting.
ESQuórum de constitución
ITQuorum costitutivo
Proxy
ENProxy — Authority to vote on another's behalf at a meeting.
ESPoder / Representación (asamblea)
ITDelega
Annual report
ENAnnual report — A yearly report on a company's finances and activity.
ESMemoria y balance anual
ITBilancio d'esercizio / Relazione annuale
Balance sheet
ENBalance sheet — A statement of assets, liabilities and equity.
ESBalance / Estado patrimonial
ITStato patrimoniale
Insolvency practitioner
ENInsolvency practitioner — An official who administers an insolvent estate.
ESSíndico concursal
ITCuratore fallimentare
Bond (financial)
ENBond (financial) — A debt security issued to raise capital.
ESBono / Obligación negociable
ITObbligazione (titolo)
Debenture
ENDebenture — A long-term debt instrument, often unsecured.
ESDebenture / Obligación
ITObbligazione non garantita
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- Notarial, Apostille & Certification
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This page is for general orientation only. It is not legal advice and does not substitute for advice from licensed counsel in the relevant jurisdiction. Terminology varies between countries and between civil-law and common-law systems; the equivalents shown here are the most common in cross-border practice.
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